RESEARCHED-BASED TEACHING METHODS:

Learning Theories and Models: Several learning theories may be applied in the practice of teaching. These learning theories are based on different epistomologies.

• Behaviorism 
• IP Model 
• Schema Theory 
• Situated Cognition 
• Social-Cognitive Theory: Piaget 
• Social Historical Theory: Vygotsky 
• Constructivism 
• Comparision of Theories 
• Behaviroism, Cognitivist, Constructivism 

There are basically three viewpoints or "schools of thought" on teaching & learning. They are "behaviorism", "cognitivism" and "constructivism".

Of these three, two viewpoints have significant implications for classroom management (Behavioral vs. Cognitive models and their key proponents).

Epistemology deals with the nature of knowledge and how we come to know things. Further, epistemology is concerned with how is knowledge distinguished from opinion or falsehoods, and what are legitimate ways of knowing.

Epistemology of learning: several beliefs in epistemology.
 
1. What is permitted as a valid source of knowledge:

• Empiricism: sensory experience is the only valid source of knowledge
• Natives: at least some knowledge is innate (i.e., present in some form at birth)
• Rationalism: reason is the source of knowledge (i.e. the mind actively constructs knowledge)

2. Content of knowledge:

• Skepticism: the belief that the world may not be knowable at all (i.e. that our knowledge may never correspond to reality)
• Realism: the belief that things in the world can be known directly
• Idealism: the belief that knowledge consists of only ideas or representations about reality.
• Pragmatism: the belief that reality exists but cannot be known directly. Knowledge is provisional, not absolute - sometimes it corresponds with reality and sometimes it doesn't and it can be obtained through empirical or rational processes.

 
3.  The orientation, or tradition:

• Pragmatism: the epistemological orientation in which reality is assumed to be external to and separate from the knower, empiricism and realism characterize this orientation. Knowledge tends to be seen as absolute and becomes equated with truth.
• Interpretivism: the epistemological orientation in which reality is assumed to be constructed by the knower, rationalism and idealism characterize this orientation.