O n l i n e . L e a r n i n g . S u p p o r t
Department of Information and Library Science
Southern Connecticut State University
501 Crescent Street, New Haven, CT 06515
Fax: 1.203.392-5780 / Phone: 1.203.392-5781
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APA Style-by-Example

APA style: REFERENCE IN TEXT:

• SINGLE AUTHOR
• TWO AUTHORS
• MANY AUTHORS
  • FIRST CITATION
  • SUBSEQUENT CITATIONS
• PERSONAL COMMUNICATION

• BOOK
• JOURNAL
• PERSONAL COMMUNICATION

APA style: REFERENCE IN TEXT:

SINGLE AUTHOR

Smith (1993) compared mission statements of ....

In a recent study of library effectiveness, Smith (1993) compared ... Smith found ..

In 1993, Smith compared ...

In a recent study of library effectiveness (Smith, 1993), the mission statement ...

TWO AUTHORS

Smith and Jones (1993) compared mission statements of ....

In a recent study of library effectiveness (Smith & Jones, 1993), ...

MANY AUTHORS

FIRST CITATION

Smith, White, Williams, and Jones (1993) compared mission statements of ....

SUBSEQUENT CITATIONS

Smith et al. (1993) found that mission statements ....

PERSONAL COMMUNICATION

Professor J. Kusack [personal communication, December 12, 1994] found ...

... [John Doe, personal communication, Fall, 1994].

APA Style: REFERENCE IN BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOK

Kuhlthau, C. C. (1993). Seeking meaning: A process approach to library and information services. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Comaromi, J. P. (1990). Dewey decimal classification: History and continuing development. In B. G Bengtson & J. S. Hill (Eds.), Classification of library materials: Current and future potential for providing access (pp. 52-59). New York: Neal-Schuman.

Bengtson, B. G., & Hill, J. S. (Eds.). (1990). Classification of library materials: Current and future potential for providing access. New York: Neal-Schuman.

Russell, D. L. (1994). Literature for children: A short introduction (2nd ed.). New York: Longman.

JOURNAL

Woodruff, A. G., & Plaunt, C. (1994). GIPSY: Automated geographic indexing of text documents. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 45, 645-654.

PERSONAL COMMUNICATION

[Because they do not provide recoverable data, personal communications (letters, memos, phone conversations, in-person conversations) are not included in the list of references.]