Mary E. Brown, Ph.D., Professor
Information Science

Southern Connecticut State University
501 Crescent Street, New Haven, CT 06515

Department of Information and Library Science
Fax: 1.203.392-5780 / Phone: 1.203.392-5781
Toll Free: 1-888-500-SCSU, then press 4

In-text parenthetical citations

See http://www.lib.duke.edu/libguide/cite/APA.htm

See also http://www.lib.duke.edu/libguide/cite/works_cited.htm for how to write Reference listing.

REFERENCES
(taken from Publication Manual of the APA)

General form for a periodical

• Article authors
  • Invert all authors' names; give surnames and initials for all authors, regardless of the number of authors.
  • Use commas to separate authors and to separate surnames and initials; with two or more authors, use an ampersand (&) before the last author.
  • Spell out the full name of a corporate author.
  • For a refernce to a work with no author, move the title to the author position, before the date of publication, and treat the title like a book title.
  • Finish the element with a period. (When an author's initial with a period ends the element, do not add an extra period.)
• Date of publication
  • Give the year the work was copyrighted (for unpublished works, this is the year the work was produced). For magazines** and newspapers, give the year followed by the month and day, if any any.
  • Enclose the date in parentheses.
  • Write "in press" in parentheses for articles that have been accepted for publication but that hgave not yet been published. Do not give a date until the article has actually been published.
  • Finish the element with a period.
• Article title
  • Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the subtitle, if any, and any proper names; do not underline the title or place quotation around it.
  • Use arabic numerals, not roman numerals, in two-part titles unless the roman numeral is part of the published title.
  • Enclose nonroutine information that is important for identification and retriefval in bracks immediately after the article title.
  • Finish the element with a period.
• Journal title and publication information
  • Give the journal title in full, in uppercase and lowercase letters: underline the title.
  • Give the volume number and underline it. Do not use "Vol." before the number. If, and only if, each issue begins on page 1, give the issue number in parentheses immediately after the volume number.
  • Give inclusive page numbers. Use "pp." before the page numbers in references to newspapers and magazines, but not in references to journal* articles.
  • Use commas to separate the parts of this element.
  • Finish the element with a period.

EXAMPLE for a journal article*:

Becker, L. J., & Seligman, C. (1981). Welcolme to the energy crisis. Journal of Social Issues, 37(2), 1-7.

EXAMPLE for a magazine article**:

Gardner, H. (1981, December). Do babies sing a universal song? Psychology Today, pp. 70-76.

General form for a book

• Book authors or editors
  • See elements of a reference to a periodical.
  • In a reference to an edited book, place the editors' names in the author position and enclose the abbreviation "Ed." or "Eds." in parentheses after the last editor.
  • Finish the element with a periiod. In a reference to an edited book, the period follows the parenthetical abbreviation "(Eds.)."
• Date of publication
  • See elements of a reference to a periodical.
• Book title
  • Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the subtitle, if any, and any proper names; underline the title.
  • Enclose additional information necessary for identification and retrieval (e.g., 3rd ed. or Vol. 2) in parentheses immediately after the title. Do not use a period between the title and the parenthetical information.
  • In two-part titles, use arabic numerals, not roman numerals, unloess the roman numeral is part of the published title.
  • Finish the element with a period.
• Publication information
  • Give the city and, if the city is not well known for publishing or could be confused with another location, the state (or country) where the publisher is located. Use U.S. Postal Service abbreviations for states. Use a colon after the locationl.
  • Give the name of the publisher in as brief a form as is intelligible. Spell out the names of associations and university presses, but omit superfluous terms such as Publishers, Co., or Inc. that are not requried for easy identificaiton of the publisher.
  • If two or more publisher locations are given, give the location listeed first in the book or, if specified, the location of the publisher's home office.
  • Finish the element with a period.

EXAMPLES:

Strunk, W., Jr., & White, E. B. (1979). The elements of style (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan.

Cohen, J. (1977). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (rev. ed.). New York: Academic Press.

Wilson, J. G., & Fraser, F. C. (Eds.). (1977-1978). Handbook of teratology (Vols. 1-4). New York: Plenum Press.

Electronic References

• General Forms for Electronic References
• Reference Examples for Electronic Source Materials

*A journal is a serial that publishes articles by scholars and researchers in the field. Journals are often published by associations. Journal articles usually include bibliographies. Examples: African Studies Quarterly, Chaucer Review, and Journal of Supercomputing.

**A magazine is a periodical that publishes articles written for a general audience. Articles in magazines rarely include bibliographies. Examples: Black Enterprise, Rolling Stone, Time